Principles of instruction

• Begin a lesson with a short review of previous learning.
• Present new material in small steps with student practice after each step.
• Limit the amount of material students receive at one time.
• Give clear and detailed instructions and explanations.
• Ask a large number of questions and check for understanding.
• Provide a high level of active practice for all students.
• Guide students as they begin to practice.
• Think aloud and model steps.
• Provide models of worked-out problems.
• Ask students to explain what they had learned.
• Check the responses of all students.
• Provide systematic feedback and corrections.
• Use more time to provide explanations.
• Provide many examples.
• Re-teach material when necessary.
• Prepare students for independent practice.
• Monitor students when they begin independent practice.

How we learned?

References

Week 1. Busting myths

Coffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E. & Ecclestone, K. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systematic and critical review (Report no. 041543). Learning and Skills Research Centre, London.

Dekker, S., Lee, N. C., Howard-Jones, P. A. & Jolles, J. (2012). Neuromyths in education: Prevalence and predictors of misconceptions among teachers. Frontiers in Psychology, 3.

Howard-Jones, P. A. (2010). Introducing Neuroeducational Research: Neuroscience, Education and the Brain from Contexts to Practice. Routledge.

Howard-Jones, P. A. (2014). Neuroscience and education: myths and messages. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15, 817-824.

Royal Society (2011). Brain Waves Module 2: Neuroscience:implications for education and lifelong learning. Royal Society, London.

Week 2. Engagement for learning

Adcock, R. A. (2006). Reward-motivated learning: mesolimbic activation precedes memory formation. Neuron, 50, 507-517.

Beilock, S. L., Gunderson, E. A., Ramirez, G. & Levine, S. C. (2010). Female teachers’ math anxiety affects girls’ math achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A., 107, 1860-1863.

Dawes, L., Littleton, K., Mercer N., Wegwrif, R., Warwick, P. (n.d.). Thinking Together in the Primary Classroom. UK: The Open University. Centre for Research in Education and Educational Technology.

Fales, C. L., Becerril, K. E., Luking, K. R. & Barch, D. M. (2010). Emotional-stimulus processing in trait anxiety is modulated by stimulus valence during neuroimaging. Cogn. Emot., 24, 200-222.

Farooqi, I. S. et al. (2007). Leptin regulates striatal regions and human eating Behavior. Science 317, 1355-1355.

Koepp, M. J. et al. (1998). Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. . Nature 393, 266-268.

Filimon, F., Nelson, J. D., Hagler, D. J. & Sereno, M. I. (2007). Human cortical representations for reaching: Mirror neurons for execution, observation, and imagery. NeuroImage 37, 1315-1328.

Furukawa, E. et al. (2014). Abnormal Striatal BOLD Responses to Reward Anticipation and Reward Delivery in ADHD. Plos One 9, 9.

Gaastra, G. F., Groen, Y., Tucha, L. & Tucha, O. (2016). The Effects of Classroom Interventions on Off-Task and Disruptive Classroom Behavior in Children with Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review. Plos One 11, 19.

Howard-Jones, P. A. (2014). Neuroscience and education: myths and messages. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15, 817-824.

Howard-Jones, P. A., Jay, T., Mason, A. & Jones, H. (2016). Gamification of Learning Deactivates the Default Mode Network. Frontiers in Psychology 6, 16.

Izuma, K., Saito, D. N. & Sadato, N. (2008). Processing of social and monetary rewards in the human striatum. Neuron 58, 284-294.

Ker, H. W. (2016). The impacts of student-, teacher- and school-level factors on mathematics achievement: an exploratory comparative investigation of Singaporean students and the USA students. Educational Psychology 36, 254-276.

Knutson, B., Adams, C. M., Fong, G. W. & Hommer, D. (2001). Anticipation of monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens. Journal of Neuroscience 21, 1-5.

Kratzig, G. P. & Arbuthnott, K. D. (2006). Perceptual learning style and learning proficiency: A test of the hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology 98, 238-246.

Littleton, Karen; Mercer, Neil; Dawes, Lyn; Wegerif, Rupert; Rowe, Denise and Sams, Claire (2005). Talking and thinking together at Key Stage 1. Early Years: An International Journal of Research and Development, 25(2) 167 -182.

Rizzolatti, G. & Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience 27, 169-192.

Schilbach, L. et al. (2010). Minds Made for Sharing: Initiating Joint Attention Recruits Reward-related Neurocircuitry. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, 2702-2715.

Schomaker, J. & Meeter, M. (2015). Short- and long-lasting consequences of novelty, deviance and surprise on brain and cognition. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 55, 268-279.

van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., Zanolie, K., Rombouts, S., Raijmakers, M. E. J. & Crone, E. A. (2008). Evaluating the negative or valuing the positive? Neural mechanisms supporting feedback-based learning across development. Journal of Neuroscience 28, 9495-9503.

Week 3. Building knowledge and understanding

Brod, G., Werkle-Bergner, M. & Shing, Y. L. (2013). The influence of prior knowledge on memory: a developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 7, 13.

Buchweitz, A., Mason, R. A., Tomitch, L. M. B. & Just, M. A. (2009). Brain activation for reading and listening comprehension: An fMRI study of modality effects and individual differences in language comprehension. Psychology & neuroscience 2, 111-123.

Butler, A. J., James, T. W., & James, K. H. (2011). Enhanced Multisensory Integration and Motor Reactivation after Active Motor Learning of Audiovisual Associations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(11), 3515-3528.

Coffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E. & Ecclestone, K. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systematic and critical review (Report no. 041543). Learning and Skills Research Centre, London.

Fischer, U., Moeller, K., Bientzle, M., Cress, U. & Nuerk, H.-C. (2011). Sensori-motor spatial training of number magnitude representation. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 18, 177–183.

Horvath, J. C. (2014). The Neuroscience of PowerPoint (TM). Mind Brain and Education 8, 137-143.

Johnson-Glenberg, M. C., Birchfield, D. A., Tolentino, L. & Koziupa, T. (2014) Collaborative embodied learning in mixed reality motion-capture environments: two science studies. Journal of Educational Psychology 106, 86–104.

Kontra, C., Lyons, D. J., Fischer, S. M. & Beilock, S. L. (2015). Physical Experience Enhances Science Learning. Psychological Science 26, 737-749.

Pickering, S.J. (2006), Working Memory and Education. London, Elsevier Academic Press.

Shing, Y. L. & Brod, G. (2016). Effects of Prior Knowledge on Memory: Implications for Education. Mind, Brain, and Education 10, 153-161.

Wais, P. E. & Gazzaley, A. (2014). Distractibility during retrieval of long-term memory: domain-general interference, neural networks and increased susceptibility in normal aging. Frontiers in Psychology 5, 12.

Week 4. Consolidation of learning

Dworak, M., Schierl, T., Bruns, T., & Struder, H. K. (2007). Impact of singular excessive computer game and television exposure on sleep patterns and memory performance of school-aged children. Pediatrics, 120(5), 978-985.

Maquet, P. et al. (2000). Experience dependent changes in cerebral activation during human REM sleep. Nature Neuroscience 3, 831-836.

McDaniel, M. A., Roediger, H. L. & McDermott, K. B. (2007). Generalizing test-enhanced learning from the laboratory to the classroom. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 14, 200-206.

Roediger, H. L. & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). Test-enhanced learning - Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science 17, 249-255.

Roseshine, B. (2010). Principles of Instruction. International Academy of Education, UNESCO.

Wirebring, L. K. et al. (2015). Lesser Neural Pattern Similarity across Repeated Tests Is Associated with Better Long-Term Memory Retention. Journal of Neuroscience 35, 9595-9602.

Week 5. The science of learning in your classroom

Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H. & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievment across an adolescent transition: A longtitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development 78, 246-263.

Dekker, S. & Jolles, J. (2015). Teaching About “Brain and Learning” in High School Biology Classes: Effects on Teachers’ Knowledge and Students’ Theory of Intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology 6, 8.

Maguire, E. A. et al. (2000). Navigation related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 97, 4398-4403. Martensson, J. et al. (2012). Growth of language-related brain areas after foreign language learning. Neuroimage 63, 240-244.

Paunesku, D. et al. (2015). Mind-Set Interventions Are a Scalable Treatment for Academic Underachievement. Psychological Science 26, 784-793.

Supekar, K. et al. (2013). Neural predictors of individual differences in response to math tutoring in primary-grade school children. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, 8230-8235..

Wenger, E. & Lovden, M. (2016). The Learning Hippocampus: Education and Experience-Dependent Plasticity. Mind Brain and Education 10, 171-183.

© National STEM Learning Centre

How we learned?

Situações interessantes

Sorria...

Reasoning Mode

Dog Whistle

Academic word list

The Academic Word List (AWL) was developed by Averil Coxhead at the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. The list contains 570 word families which were selected because they appear with great frequency in a broad range of academic texts. The list does not include words that are in the most frequent 2000 words of English (the General Service List), thus making it specific to academic contexts. The AWL was primarily made so that it could be used by teachers as part of a programme preparing learners for tertiary level study or used by students working alone to learn the words most needed to study at colleges and universities. The 570 words are divided into 10 Groups. The Groups are ordered such that the words in the first Group are the most frequent words and those in the last Group are the least frequent.

Group 1

sector • available • financial • process • individual • specific • principle • estimate • variables • method • data • research • contract • environment • export • source • assessment • policy • identified • create • derived • factors • procedure • definition • assume • theory • benefit • evidence • established • authority • major • issues • labour • occur • economic • involved • percent • interpretation • consistent • income • structure • legal • concept • formula • section • required • constitutional • analysis • distribution • function • area • approach • role • legislation • indicate • response • period • context • significant • similar •

Group 2

community • resident • range • construction • strategies • elements • previous • conclusion • security • aspects • acquisition • features • text • commission • regulations • computer • items • consumer • achieve • final • positive • evaluation • assistance • normal • relevant • distinction • region • traditional • impact • consequences • chapter • equation • appropriate • resources • participation • survey • potential • cultural • transfer • select • credit • affect • categories • perceived • sought • focus • purchase • injury • site • journal • primary • complex • institute • investment • administration • maintenance • design • obtained • restricted • conduct •

Group 3

comments • convention • published • framework • implies • negative • dominant • illustrated • outcomes • constant • shift • deduction • ensure • specified • justification • funds • reliance • physical • partnership • location • link • coordination • alternative • initial • validity • task • techniques • excluded • consent • proportion • demonstrate • reaction • criteria • minorities • technology • philosophy • removed • sex • compensation • sequence • corresponding • maximum • circumstances • instance • considerable • sufficient • corporate • interaction • contribution • immigration • component • constraints • technical • emphasis • scheme • layer • volume • document • registered • core •

Group 4

overall • emerged • regime • implementation • project • hence • occupational • internal • goals • retained • sum • integration • mechanism • parallel • imposed • despite • job • parameters • approximate • label • concentration • principal • series • predicted • summary • attitudes • undertaken • cycle • communication • ethnic • hypothesis • professional • status • conference • attributed • annual • obvious • error • implications • apparent • commitment • subsequent • debate • dimensions • promote • statistics • option • domestic • output • access • code • investigation • phase • prior • granted • stress • civil • contrast • resolution • adequate

Group 5

alter • stability • energy • aware • licence • enforcement • draft • styles • precise • medical • pursue • symbolic • marginal • capacity • generation • exposure • decline • academic • modified • external • psychology • fundamental • adjustment • ratio • whereas • enable • version • perspective • contact • network • facilitate • welfare • transition • amendment • logic • rejected • expansion • clause • prime • target • objective • sustainable • equivalent • liberal • notion • substitution • generated • trend • revenue • compounds • evolution • conflict • image • discretion • entities • orientation • consultation • mental • monitoring • challenge •

Group 6

intelligence • transformation • presumption • acknowledged • utility • furthermore • accurate • diversity • attached • recovery • assigned • tapes • motivation • bond • edition • nevertheless • transport • cited • fees • scope • enhanced • incorporated • instructions • subsidiary • input • abstract • ministry • capable • expert • preceding • display • incentive • inhibition • trace • ignored • incidence • estate • cooperative • revealed • index • lecture • discrimination • overseas • explicit • aggregate • gender • underlying • brief • domain • rational • minimum • interval • neutral • migration • flexibility • federal • author • initiatives • allocation • exceed •

Group 7

intervention • confirmed • definite • classical • chemical • voluntary • release • visible • finite • publication • channel • file • thesis • equipment • disposal • solely • deny • identical • submitted • grade • phenomenon • paradigm • ultimately • extract • survive • converted • transmission • global • inferred • guarantee • advocate • dynamic • simulation • topic • insert • reverse • decades • comprise • hierarchical • unique • comprehensive • couple • mode • differentiation • eliminate • priority • empirical • ideology • somewhat • aid • foundation • adults • adaptation • quotation • contrary • media • successive • innovation • prohibited • isolated •

Group 8

highlighted • eventually • inspection • termination • displacement • arbitrary • reinforced • denote • offset • exploitation • detected • abandon • random • revision • virtually • uniform • predominantly • thereby • implicit • tension • ambiguous • vehicle • clarity • conformity • contemporary • automatically • accumulation • appendix • widespread • infrastructure • deviation • fluctuations • restore • guidelines • commodity • minimises • practitioners • radical • plus • visual • chart • appreciation • prospect • dramatic • contradiction • currency • inevitably • complement • accompany • paragraph • induced • schedule • intensity • crucial • via • exhibit • bias • manipulation • theme • nuclear •

Group 9

bulk • behalf • unified • commenced • erosion • anticipated • minimal • ceases • vision • mutual • norms • intermediate • manual • supplementary • incompatible • concurrent • ethical • preliminary • integral • conversely • relaxed • confined • accommodation • temporary • distorted • passive • subordinate • analogous • military • scenario • revolution • diminished • coherence • suspended • mature • assurance • rigid • controversy • sphere • mediation • format • trigger • qualitative • portion • medium • coincide • violation • device • insights • refine • devoted • team • overlap • attained • restraints • inherent • route • protocol • founded • duration •

Group 10

whereby • inclination • encountered • convinced • assembly • albeit • enormous • reluctant • posed • persistent • undergo • notwithstanding • straightforward • panel • odd • intrinsic • compiled • adjacent • integrity • forthcoming • conceived • ongoing • so-called • likewise • nonetheless • levy • invoked • colleagues • depression • collapse •

Poverty

A Coerência Mítica

Capitanias Hereditárias

Science, hard x soft